# Physical Computing Lab # About the Physical Computing Lab The Physical Computing Lab is located on the 5th floor of Peckham Road, in PR\_B502. # Opening Hours
OpenStaffed
Weekdays08:00–21:0010:00–18:00
Saturday10:00–18:00Unstaffed
SundayClosedClosed
# Staff
![Photo of Matt Jarvis](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2022-01/puqQUCaaiyL7l01A-matt.png) ![Photo of Lexin Zhou](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/user/2023-10/PHG8HOOvDXOauFLO-img-8679.JPG)
Matt Jarvis Lexin Zhou
he/him she/her
[Slack Matt](https://ual-cci.slack.com/team/URQCZV308) [Slack Lexin](https://ual-cci.slack.com/team/U05GR11J2QL)
[Email Matt](mailto:m.jarvis@arts.ac.uk) [Email Lexin](mailto:l.zhou@arts.ac.uk)
# Soldering & Electronics Bench There are 3 fully kitted out electronics test benches at CCI as well as a number of on-demand soldering kits that can be setup anywhere. # What is on the electronics bench? ![Photo of the electronics benches on in PR_B502](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2022-01/scaled-1680-/STogsNlhdeR8bNC6-img-0765.jpeg) There are a number of electronics benches available with soldering facilities as described above, as well as other test equiptment: - [Rigol MSO5072 Mixed Signal Oscilloscope](https://www.rigolna.com/products/digital-oscilloscopes/MSO5000/) - [Rigol DS1202Z-E Digital Oscilloscope](https://www.rigolna.com/products/digital-oscilloscopes/1000z/DS1202Z-E/) - [Rigol DM3058E Bench Multimeter](https://www.rigolna.com/products/digital-multimeters/dm3000/) - [Rigol DP831 Linear DC Power Supply](https://www.rigolna.com/products/dc-power-loads/dp800/) - [Rigol DP711 Linear DC Power Supply](https://www.rigolna.com/products/dc-power-loads/dp700/) - [EXTECH EX310 Hand-held Multimeter](http://www.extech.com/products/EX310) # What is on the soldering bench? There are a number of [Hakko FX-951 temprature controlled soldering stations](https://www.hakko.co.uk/fx-951-soldering-station.html) available, the soldering irons are only to be used for lead free soldering, CCI provides lead-free rosin-free solder. There is no cost to using the soldering irons at CCI, the tips, solder, wire, and other common consumables like LEDs, resistors, headers, etc... are provided within reason. # How to soldering properly For the beginner who just started physical computing, there is always an unavoidable challenge - "How to solder?" On this page, we will try to show you the basic knowledge of how to solder, what equipment we have, and what the general process you can do in CCI. If you wanna learn more details, Adafruite has a nice instruction [Adafruit Guide To Excellent Soldering](https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-guide-excellent-soldering)


### Tools you can find in CCI
Third hand
Grip your pieces while you soldering
Soldering Iron
Professional-style temperature-controlled iron
Solder
Snip
Trim leads after soldering / Pre-cut the plastic part before the desoldering
Soldering Sucker
Remove excess solder / Des-older a joint
Solder Wick
Clean excess solder / Soak up the molten solder
Desoldering gun
Remove molten solder from a joint.
PCB Guillotine
Cut the PCB board
If you want to know more about the tools, [here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-1phA_vKDg) is another video about handheld tools for electronics. ## Preparation 1. Wear the PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)/Safty goggles (You can find them in the draw under the electronics benches) 2. Turn on the soldering iron (You will hear the bib sound when it reaches the state temperature), clean it, and tin the tip 3. Make sure the joints are clean 4. Immobilize the joint 5. Steady the board * Breadboard
For the new chips, you might need the assistance of a breadboard. Cut the right amount of pins and insert them into the board - Long Pins Down


* Stripboard/Portboard

It's better to draw a diagram before you start, which could easily figure out how much stripboard you need (Don't waste!) and you can cut the board down to the size by the PCB Guillotine.

For the stripboard and protoboard, you need a third hand to provide the board moving around while soldering.
## How to solder Once all of the components are immobilized, you are ready to soldering. It only takes 4 easy steps to get a nice solder joint. Here is a video for ["How to soldering properly!"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKbJxytERvg&t=196s)
[![Apply_Solder_Wire.jpg](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2024-02/scaled-1680-/WcZZjzLbv9pXD8Ky-apply-solder-wire.jpg)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2024-02/WcZZjzLbv9pXD8Ky-apply-solder-wire.jpg) ## Example of Soldering Joints A good soldering joint should be: * Smooth, bright and Clean * Neat concave fillet * Complete, solid solder wetting

What does wetting mean?
Solder wetting refers to the stage in the process where the solder metal bonds with the metal surfaces on the printed circuit board (PCB) or component. This process involves the solder transitioning into a molten, fluid state, allowing it to properly adhere to the component for creating an effective solder joint.
#### Here are some common soldering problems while you are soldering [![Soldering](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2024-02/scaled-1680-/FPelr67bayiWqwdl-screenshot-2024-02-12-at-15-31-02.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2024-02/FPelr67bayiWqwdl-screenshot-2024-02-12-at-15-31-02.png)

## Check the Connection with the Multimeter Switch the multimeter to the buzzer Molde, which helps you test the continuity of your circuit. If you heard the buzzer sound, it means the two parts attached to your probe are connected.
[![Multimeter](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2024-02/scaled-1680-/Ht1zwOmixFJQ6pz9-screenshot-2024-02-13-at-15-31-33.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2024-02/Ht1zwOmixFJQ6pz9-screenshot-2024-02-13-at-15-31-33.png) However, you don't want some extra continuity in your circuit, such as -- solder bridge, which might cause a short circuit and damage your work.

Make Sure there is no short circuit on your board before you power it!

#### This is what Solder bridge looks like


# Electronics Fabrication Tips, Tools and Resources Here at the CCI, only a few courses require students to go beyond breadboard prototyping of circuits, and in lots of cases this might be all you need to develop your prototypes. However, for students that are interested in developing their hardware work, either to make permanent installations, to make work for others, to make wearables, or just to have more reliable circuits, there are a lot of useful tips and tricks that can make your life a lot easier! These notes were written by Agnes for a [Technical Skills Workshop](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/books/technical-skills-workshops/page/about). This guide is written in order of the stage of prototyping -- normally to make a new circuit I'd go through all of these! ## 0. General fabrication tips - make lots of tests before soldering everything together! do things a small bit at a time - always check for shorts before you plug stuff in - it's a good idea to breadboard your ideas and get them working before doing anything else ## 1. Better Breadboarding Often, the first step when prototyping is to make and test the circuit on a breadboard. Even when breadboarding, though, there are some ways to make your life a lot easier. One of the first things I'd recommend doing is to use solid-core wire rather than header wire on the breadboard -- it makes it a lot easier to see what's going on. bad: spaghetti [![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/scaled-1680-/L0cVI2af3J7dDAVo-image-1699292476412.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/L0cVI2af3J7dDAVo-image-1699292476412.png) good: some kind of other much more legible pasta shape [![](https://www.learnrobotics.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/electronic-circuit.jpg)](https://www.learnrobotics.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/electronic-circuit.jpg) To correctly arrange solid core wire, the easiest way is often to strip one end, and put it into one of the holes it needs to go into. Use your thumb to mould thw wire toward where it needs to go, then cut with 5mm to spare, strip the other end, and insert into the board. ### Breadboarding Rules: - always use the power rails -- **use red for the positive voltage, black for ground** (see below) - always connect all the grounds in your circuit together - use solid core wire rather than header wire to connect components together -- you can mould this onto the board, and it makes it much easier to see what's going on - colour code your wires to stand in for different kinds of signals, so you can easily 'read' what's going on (e.g. use green for PWM, orange for analog inputs). There's not the same conventions for this as the power rails -- just choose what feels right - always plug the power in last, and unplug it again before making any edits - give yourself enough space! breadboards have little notches to attach together. A rule of thumb with circuits is always to start big, *then* think about making things smaller cardinal rule: [![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/scaled-1680-/LrdIP3MdzVspr5up-image-1699435649783.png) ](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/LrdIP3MdzVspr5up-image-1699435649783.png) ### Breadboarding Guides and Resources - [Beginners' guide to using a breadboard](https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/breadboard/) - [Transferring a circuit diagram to a breadboard](https://www.bestsoldering.com/transferring-a-circuit-diagram-to-a-breadboard/) ## 2. Soldering and Stripboard For one-off prototypes, with smaller and not so complex boards (+ where it doesn't matter so much how large the board is), the stripboard/protoboard stage can often be a good place to stop. It holds all the components in place, and, so long as you pick the right connectors, it shouldn't break. ### Stripboard Guides and Resources - [The Lost Art of Stripboard Prototyping](https://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/june2013_Dratwa) -- this is a *fantastic* guide, really worth giving it a read, even if you've made stripboards before - [How to Solder: A Complete Beginner's Guide](https://www.makerspaces.com/how-to-solder/) -- good guide to soldering technique ### please never do this: ![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/scaled-1680-/bo1devfsfssFDrs1-image-1703074102968-07-16.png)😬 looking at you, Modular students! ### Connectors **Amazing Resource** -> [The Electrical Connector Book](https://connectorbook.com/) One of the major decisions that you will make in any electronics project is what connectors to use, e.g. to connect different boards together, to make a connection to a power supply, connect components such as motors. The first major major rule is -- never just solder a connecting wire directly into a stripboard. It will break!! *Always* plan to use a connector to interface to the board. With things like connectors, it can be really useful to know a few common types, and to be able to identify ones you might run into! There are loads of different ones suitable for different scenarios, I'm linking the main ones here. #### General considerations - **what spacing ('pitch') is the thing you are connecting to?** Arduino, Raspberry Pi, breadboards and most prototyping boards have a pitch of 2.54mm. This isn't always true for other boards and components, however -- for example the Adafruit feather boards use a 2mm JST connector for the power supply, and Grove components are all 2mm Molex - **what gauge of wire is being connected?** thicker wires might not fit in smaller connectors, and vice versa. This is particularly important for crimped connectors such as JST - **do I need strain relief?** for connections that might move a lot, or are subject to lots of force, it might be worth considering how to securely mount these on your board, past just soldering, or how to protect the joins - **do I need a special tool to use this connector?** some connectors, like JST, also require a specific crimping tool to make the connection. These can sometimes be really expensive, and/or hard to use #### DuPont [![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/scaled-1680-/OrtT1axCGppT6jrc-image-1699443392592-36-28.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/OrtT1axCGppT6jrc-image-1699443392592-36-28.png) You will probably be familiar with DuPont connectors from using header wire to connect components to an Arduino. They are very commonly used in prototyping boards, which often come presoldered with Dupont-compatible headers or sockets. Their main drawback is not being very well fixed-in place: if you've ever had a breadboard come apart during transit, Dupont headers are likely to blame. Good for: - temporary connections - low current Not so good for: - anything permanent - power supplies #### JST [![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/scaled-1680-/zx8d6DiOqhScyrwl-image-1699444328628.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/zx8d6DiOqhScyrwl-image-1699444328628.png) JST connectors are my go-to for developing small projects. They can be fiddly to create (they often require manual crimping), but are a great balance of manual adjustability and reliability once you've got the hang of working with them. JST can be a tough standard to get your head around, and I always recommend taking a look at [this guide](https://iotexpert.com/jst-connector-crimping-insanity/) when starting to work with them. The JST-XH standard corresponds to the 2.54mm spacing standard used on most boards, but do always double check that that's the pitch you want to use. Good for: - one off prototyping Not so good for: - if you're in a hurry and just want to test something (use Dupont/solid core wire and a breadboard) - large arrays of connections (use IDC and ribbon cable for anything > 5) #### IDC [![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/scaled-1680-/nNv4egOjuXBeVm0R-image-1699443849197.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/nNv4egOjuXBeVm0R-image-1699443849197.png) IDC stands for "insulation-displacement contact" -- they are used with ribbon cable, and have tiny blades that slice into the cable to create electrical contacts.These are good if you have to connect multiple cables together, and are often used to communicate between boards. They normally use 2 rows of pins, so if you're attaching them to a stripboard be sure to score between the rows to prevent shorts! These can be very convenient, it's a quick way of making a bunch of connections. Unlike JST, however, it's not possible to disconnect and reroute individual wires. Good for: - inter-board communication - quickly making a bunch of connections Not so good for: - smaller numbers of connections - I always find that I need to think quite hard about which cable connects to which pin. But perhaps you enjoy thinking about such things #### Screw Terminal [![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/scaled-1680-/XF9r9KNcn3ezzqrA-image-1699443996119.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/XF9r9KNcn3ezzqrA-image-1699443996119.png) Good for: - power supplies - components like motors that you might need to often connect and disconnect - anything with a strand-core cable that's slightly too thick for JST Not so good for - small spaces - overkill for low-power components **Crimp terminal connections** [![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/scaled-1680-/a5mpjDM2I6PnQXDj-image-1699444634392.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/a5mpjDM2I6PnQXDj-image-1699444634392.png) In the above image, you can see that the wires in the screw terminal at the bottom are much more safely connected than those at the top. While connecting smaller-gauge wires that don't carry high current, it can be fine to just connect the wire into a terminal as-is. However, for thicker cable, you will need to crimp the ends to ensure a secure connection into the terminal block. We have loads of these in different sizes at the CCI -- they can be quite forgiving, however it's worth taking some time to make sure you're using the right ballpark wire gauge. Here's a lovely chart of all the variants: I default to using the ring connectors. [![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/scaled-1680-/8hUROABAYKk0L1TI-image-1699444479340.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/8hUROABAYKk0L1TI-image-1699444479340.png) #### Proprietary connectors Some connector standards are associated with particular kinds of cable. Common ones to encounter in board fabrication are for programming boards. To allow your board to be programmed by one of these (this is a particular consideration for PCB design) you might want to include the specific footprint of the connector you need (often this is a kind of header). Common proprietary connector standards include: - [ISP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming) -- 'in system programmer' -> these are a funky little 6-pin arrangement that you get on more specialised boards. Used as an alternative to programming a board over USB. - [JTAG](https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/jtag-connectors-and-interfaces/) -- often used to debug chips on boards - [FTDI](https://learn.adafruit.com/introducing-pro-trinket/using-ftdi) -- these are actually pretty convenient as they just use regular dupont headers

A note on language -- lots and lots of electronics manufacturers will still use the gendered terms 'male' and 'female' to describe the orientation of connectors. This is language that's essentialist and reductive, and lots of places (including the CCI!) use 'plug' and 'socket' instead respectively -- but if you are searching for connector types online it can be useful to have these as search terms as they're still used quite widely!

For a good time, you might enjoy the twitter account [cursed connectors](https://twitter.com/cursedconnector). ### Wire gauge and Power Considerations With circuits that need to handle either movement or higher loads, what wire you use can become a major consideration. Adafruit have a great [guide](https://learn.adafruit.com/wires-and-connections/wire-guages) to understanding wire gauge and picking the correct wire for your project. In general -- the generic thinner wires we supply at the CCI (I believe these are 22 gauge) are fine for most microcontroller projects where the current is <1 Amp. If you are using components that consume more current (like larger motors, speakers, amplifiers etc), and especially anything using mains, you will want to do some power calculations to figure out what wire to use. Do come and speak to a technician if this is the case, we can help. The thicker the wire, the more current it can handle. High-power circuits *shouldn't* be prototyped using breadboards. Stripboard can handle higher currents, but it's a good idea to thicken the traces that will be taking these currents with an extra layer of solder. This will reduce resistance and prevent the circuit from heating up. Omni have a useful [wire size calculator](https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/wire-size) that allows you to figure out what gauge of wire your project might need. #### IC sockets [![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/scaled-1680-/3fJo4Slf9NVyjJYq-image-1699368860552.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/3fJo4Slf9NVyjJYq-image-1699368860552.png) *Never solder an integrated circuit (IC) directly into a proto board!!!* You'll end up with loads of issues later on. Instead, solder an IC socket in -- this way if you have issues with your IC (like, you accidentally blow it up), it's really straightforward to change it out without having to desolder a load of pins. It's a good idea to put all your ICs in the same orientation -- this makes it a lot harder to put one in the wrong way round (incidentally a great way to blow things up). ## 3. PCB Fabrication and Milling The next step up from prototyping on stripboard is to fabricate your own boards. There's a few different ways to do this, and typically this might be a choice you would make if: - you want to make something in volume (depends on complexity, but this can save you a lot of time even with low volumes) - you want to make something much smaller (e.g. for wearables) - you want something to look nicer than proto board There is a huge amount that can be written about PCB design techniques -- I won't be writing about it all here -- but do reach out if you're interested in more information. ### PCB design Software: - [Eagle](http://eagle.autodesk.com/) -- this has historically been the standard for PCB prototyping, it's been integrated into Autodesk's Fusion360 software. It's possible to get a license as a UAL student if you want to use this, but increasingly KiCad is just as good, free and has most of the same features. - [KiCad](https://www.kicad.org/download/) -- free and open-source PCB prototyping software. This is getting better all the time and if you're getting started I'd recommend learning this over Eagle - [KiCad Tutorial](https://docs.kicad.org/6.0/en/getting_started_in_kicad/getting_started_in_kicad.html) ### PCB Fabrication Services We recommend a number of different PCB Fabrication services [here](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/books/physical-computing-lab/page/hackspaces-services) on the wiki (scroll down to 'PCB production'). ### Surface Mount [![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/scaled-1680-/xwFf6Sh5NwZys3Gn-image-1699446196069.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/xwFf6Sh5NwZys3Gn-image-1699446196069.png) The components we use in the CCI tend to be 'through-hole' components, with legs that pass through the board. These are different from what you might see on manufactured boards, which typically use much smaller components that sit on top of the board material. These are often a great way to reduce the footprint of your circuit -- so if you're designing a PCB to make things smaller, using Surface Mount Devices (SMD) might be a good way forward. It's possible to fairly easily solder 1206-series SMD components we have with the equipment at the CCI -- much smaller and you might want to pay for the board to come pre-soldered, or else look into using a reflow station. [![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/scaled-1680-/yvIKvJY9Mwzofe97-image-1699446127891.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/yvIKvJY9Mwzofe97-image-1699446127891.png) ## Other Considerations ### Mounting Mounting either PCBs or stripboards properly can be *very important* for ensuring the longevity of your circuit. Often, drilling holes and using spacers / standoffs or just regular bolts can be enough to hold in place. Make sure that your mount doesn't short your traces! ### Prototyping for Wearables Wearable electronics comes with a bunch of considerations about size and power management. #### I want to make my circuit smaller This is a pretty classic issue with arduino-based circuits -- you have a circuit that works, maybe built with Arduino, and you want to minaturise it. Here are some options, from biggest to smallest: - **use an Arduino shield** -- this is a special prototyping board that allows you build directly on top of the Arduino. This can be nice if you just want to avoid connection spaghetti - **use a smaller Arduino board**, like an Arduino Nano or Arduino Micro. These can be integrated directly into a proto board / breadboard - **Replace the Arduino with another ATMEL chip** -- these can still be programmed like arduinos, but it's possible to make the board containing them a lot smaller and only contain the parts you need. As these don't have the USB interface, you will need to use a separate board to program them -- luckily, an Arduino can actually be used for this! There's a good guide to doing this [here](https://www.instructables.com/Program-an-ATtiny-with-Arduino/). This same technique (of replacing a whole board with the chip it uses) can be applied to lots of other boards too. #### I want my circuit to be wireless This is another really common thing to want to do. Core options: - **radio** -- I love the adafruit packet radios. Main thing to remember is -- for radio, you need 2! - **bluetooth** -- NRF52 is a good one - **wifi** -- technically this is radio but it's it's own protocol. ESP8266. Remember that even wireless circuits will still need a power supply! A commonly-used format is LiPo batteries. These can be really convenient, but come with health and safety considerations, especially if they are to be worn! #### I want my circuit to be soft/flexible - Silione covered strand-core wire - Conductive thread - Conductive ribbon Adding connections to this can be tricky. ### I want my circuit to work outdoors Depending on how long it needs to last / how much the circuit moves / how waterproof the circuit needs to be, there are a bunch of different methods. This [instructable](https://www.instructables.com/How-to-Waterproof-Your-Electronics-or-PCBs/) gives a pretty solid overview. Please be careful when using different resins to coat your circuit as some can be toxic! If in doubt (and definitely before bringing into the workshop), speak to a cci technician. ### My circuit contains rotating parts [![](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/scaled-1680-/HbeUF4QjXt2RnGTZ-image-1699449998227.png)](https://wiki.cci.arts.ac.uk/uploads/images/gallery/2023-11/HbeUF4QjXt2RnGTZ-image-1699449998227.png) You want to use a Slip Ring. We have some in the CCI -- Adafruit have a video tutorial for how to use them [here](https://blog.adafruit.com/2012/03/12/slip-ring-video/). **A word of warning:** this can be a real pain to do, and unless you feel quite confident with fabrication generally we'd advise you try and figure out a simpler way to make your work! # Useful learning resources ### Books - [Getting Started With Arduino 3rd Edition](https://www.amazon.co.uk/d/Books/Getting-Started-Arduino-Make-Projects/0596155514) by Massimo Banzi and Michael Shiloh A short and practical guide to the getting started with the Arduino platform. Explains what you might use it for, the principles behind the platform, some basic code and electronics guidance. - [Make: Electronics](https://shop.pimoroni.com/products/make-electronics) by Charles Platt A very hands on guide to the fundamentals of electronics. Assumes no prior knowledge and uses some great real world examples and practical applications. - [Practical Electronics for Inventors 3rd Edition](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Practical-Electronics-Inventors-Third-Scherz/dp/0071771336) by Paul Scherz and Simon Monk A more in-depth look at electronics. Very good for those with a grasp on the basic topics. ### Websites - [Learn at Sparkfun](https://learn.sparkfun.com/) - [Learn at Adafruit](https://learn.adafruit.com/) - [Kobakant DIY](http://www.kobakant.at/DIY/) - Lovely guides for DIY e-textiles and conductive material-based components and projects - [Arduino Stackexchange](http://arduino.stackexchange.com/) - forum for asking questions ## Virtual Learning and Emulation - As part of your UAL access, you get access to all the LinkedIn Learning courses, avilable here: [https://www.linkedin.com/learning/](https://www.linkedin.com/learning/) - [TinkerCAD](https://www.tinkercad.com/) - From AutoDesk, can simulate your rduino and components and write code and test before physically building. Also very easy to use 3D CAD utility for designing//building STL filrs for 3D Printing. - [Circuit IO](https://www.circuito.io/) - Essentially a shop, but has a great app that lets you drag & drop components onto a simulator with a range of embedded computing modules and program them. It has a functionality which arranges ports and gives you the simple basic programming and libraries for those components. Bear in mind, you should be programming for your projects yourself and submissions using the auto-generated code should explicitly say where the code came from (we have a plagiarism detection system which will disqualify your marks if you do not state your code came from here). - Easy laser cutting case design: [https://en.makercase.com/#/basicbox](https://en.makercase.com/#/basicbox) ### Videos - [Jeremy Blum's Arduino Video Series](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCxzA9_kg6s&list=PLA567CE235D39FA84) # Where to buy components # Don't Buy These Components Have you bought a component that was poor quality, broken or ineffective? Let us know and we can post it here so this doesn't happen to anyone else. Top tip -- if you're on UAL Wifi (or VPN) go to the [checkout catalogue](https://checkout.arts.ac.uk/catalogue) and search for components, if you click the link you can see what we buy. ## Servos * We have had problems with: [XTVTX metal gear micro servo](https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B093LFBWTL?psc=1&ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details) -> some didn't work straight out of the box, with others the wires broke off, poorly made * good: (the ones we buy) [FeeTech FS90 Mini Servo](https://www.rapidonline.com/feetech-fs90-mini-servo-120-9g-37-1339) # Where to buy materials & parts # Electronics, componants ##### Bigger Shops - large and often complex catalogues | Supplier | Material | Website | Note | |---------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | RS | electronics, componants, tools | | Fast delivery, huge selection. Free delivery. Collection also possible from Bow | | Rapid online | electronics, componants, tools | | Fast delivery, huge selection, student pricing + free delivery over £30 | | Mouser | electronics, consumer stuff | | Fast delivery, some items overpriced, Free delivery over £33 | | Farnell | electronics, componants, tools | | Free delivery over £20 (ex VAT) | | CPC | electronics, componants, tools | | Free delivery over £8 + VAT | | Bitsbox | | | | ##### Smaller Shops - stock products locally, so not shipping from the EU/US | Supplier | Material | Website | Note | |------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|---------------------------------|--------------------------------------------| | Proto-Pic | electronics, componants | | Offers 10% student discount | | Cool components | electronics, componants | | | | Pimoroni | electronics, robotics, kits | | | | Robotshop | electronics, robotics | | | | Active Robots | electronics, robotics | | | | Hobbytronics | electronics, componants | | | | Hobbyking | radio controlled electronics | | RC control, BLDC motors, battery packs etc | | SKPang | electronics, componants | | | | #DigitalMeans | electronics, componants | | | | Oomlout | electronics, componants | | | | Spiratronics | electronics, componants | | | | Bright Components | electronics, componants | | | | Kitronik | electronics, robotics, kits | | | ##### US/EU based | Supplier | Material | Website | Note | |---------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------------|--| | Arduino | kits | | | | Adafruit | electronics, componants, kits | | | | Sparkfun | electronics, kits | | | | Seeed studio | pcb and electronics components | | | | Digikey (USA) | electronics, componants, kits | | | ##### China based | Supplier | Material | Website | Note | |---------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------|--| | Seedstudio (China) | electronics, componants, kits | | | | DF Robot (China) | electronics, componants, robotics | | | | DealExtreme (China) | electronics, componants | | | | Ali Express (China) | electronics, componants | | | # Machine Elements | Supplier | Material | Website | Note | |-----------------|------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Motionco | Machine elements | | Great source of gears, pulleys, belts, chains, bearings etc | | Model Fixings | Machine elements | | Poorly made website, but a great range of mechanical fixings and bearings | | HPC Gears | Gears | | Gears and power transmission | | RS | Machine elements | | | | Spring Masters | Springs | | | | On Drives | Gear boxes | | Med - Heavy duty gearboxes | | Cross Morse | Transmissions | | | | SDP-SI | Transmissions | | Massive range, USA delivery only, but great for finding 3D CAD models of parts | | Simply Bearings | Bearings | | Specialise in bearings, wide variety: miniature, loose, bushings, etc. | | Igus | Plastic Bearings | | All things sliding, rolling and polymer. Expensive | | Bearing Boys | Bearings | | | | S3i | Wire ropes | | Wire rope and attachments | # Model shops | Shop | Material | Website | Address | Phone Number | Note | |------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------| | 4D Model Shop | General Model Making and laser cutting services | | 4D modelshop Ltd, The Arches, 120 Leman Street, London, E1 8EU | 020 7264 1288 | Best shop for model parts in London. Can be expensive | | London Graphic Center | General Model Making | | | | | | Charles Cantrill | Cork | | | | | | Atlantis Art Supplies | ‘Europes Largest Fine Art Supplies Retaile | | Britannia House, 68-80 Hanbury Street,London E1 5JL | | | | EMA Model Supplies | modeling shop | | | | | | Blueprintmodelshop | model shop and laser cutter | | | | really cheap but not good quality (20% off on material for students) | | Cassart | modelshop | | | | 10% for students. Lots of shops in London | | Canonbury art supplies | art shop | | | | | # Raw materials ## Aluminum | Vendor | Material | Website | Address | Phone Number | Note | |---------------------|-----------|----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|---------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Dore Metals | Aluminium | | | | Aluminium and non-ferrous metals. | | Aalco | Metal | | | | | | Park Side Style | Steel | | | | Rod, tube, bar, sheet, plate, steel | | Smiths Metal | Metal | | | | College has account | | Fays Metals | | | Unit 3, 37 Colville Road, South Acton, London, W3 8BL | 020 8993 8883 | A traditional metal warehouse situated a 10min walk from South Acton tube or on the 440 Bus route, Fays stock all different types of Steel, Aluminium, Brass etc in various forms of extrusion, sheet and billet. They're reasonably priced and if you talk to them nicely they'll let you look around for what you need. They also have a large shelf of various offcuts you can obtain for reduced prices. | | Aluminium warehouse | Aluminium | | | | Metal cut to order | ## Wood | Vendor | Material | Website | Address | Phone Number | Note | |-----------------|-------------|---------------------------------|---------|---------------|------------------------------------| | Moss&Co. | Wood | | | 020 8748 8251 | | | Capital Crispin | Wood Veneer | | | | Amazing stock of veneer, and cheap | ## Plastics | Vendor | Material | Website | Address | Phone Number | Note | |-----------------|-----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|---------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Hamar Acrylics | arcylic, laser cut services | | | | Sell cheap offcuts in shop | | Amari Plastics | large acrylic sheets | | 2 Cumberland Ave., Park Royal, London NW10 7RL | 020 8961 1961 | | | Hobart | acrylic and plastic | | | | | ## Paper | Vendor | Material | Website | Address | Phone Number | |--------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|--------------------| | John Purcell Paper | card and paper | | 15 Rumsey Rd., London SW9 0TR | Tel: 020 7737 5199 | | PSG Group | Various Sheet Material incl. Nomex (Fire Retardent Paper) | | Polymex House, 49-53 Glengall Road, London, SE15 6NF | | ## Foam | Vendor | Material | Website | Address | Phone Number | |--------------------|-----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------| | Pentonville rubber | Foam (upholstery) | | 104-106 Pentonville Road, London, N1 9JB | 0207 837 7553 | | Foam supplier | foam cut to size and other type of foam | | 26-27 Shepherds Bush Market London W12 8DF | 07429 212 415 or 07411 653 301 | ## Hardware | Vendor | Material | Website | Address | Phone Number | Note | |----------------|----------|------------------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Margaret Mills | | | 48 Gloucester Road, London, SW7 4QT | | Small hardware store on Gloucester Road who carry a suprising amount of stock in the locality of Imperial. They carry the usual household items as well as tools, basic wood stock and PVC tube. They are however the most expensive for these items, so best used if convenience is a premium. | | Leyland SDM | Wood | | | | Leyland are a large chain of hardware stores all over London | | B&Q | | | | | | | Homebase | | | | | | ## Resin | Vendor | Material | Website | Address | Phone Number | |-----------|----------------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------------------|---------------| | Tiranti | resins, molding, sculpting | | 27 Warren Street, London W1T 5NB | 020 7380 0808 | | Notcutt | resins | | | | | Mold life | resins and silicone | | | | | John Burn | Resins | | | | ## Misc | Vendor | Material | Website | Address | Phone Number | Note | |--------------------|------------------|--------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|---------------|-------------------------------| | Arthur Beales | ropes, chandlery | | 194 Shaftesbury Avenue, London WC2H 8JP | | | | Inoxia | Wire Mesh | | | | | | Metamark | vinyl | | | | | | Clerkenwell screws | Screws | | | 020 7405 1215 | Really good screws wide range | # Textiles | Vendor | Material | Website | Address | Phone Number | Note | |--------------------|------------------|--------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|---------------|-------------------------------| | Alma Leather | leather offcuts/ leather supplier (apparel & upholstery) | | 12-14 Greatorex St, London E1 5NF | 020 7377 0762 | | | Gold hawk road (many shops) | fabric, pvc sheets | | Gold Hawk Road | | Price can be negotiated if you are canny, and its cheaper than Berwick street | | Berwick Street (many shops) | Fabric, sewing supplies | | 16 Berwick Street, W1F 0HP | 020 7437 2180/0520 | Nice fabrics, buttons, thread, sewing materials. This is just one store but there are some nicer places on the same street. | | MacCulloch + Walis | haberdashery (high quality) | | 25-26 Poland Street, London, W1F 8QN | | | | Bag of Love | Digital print | | | | | | Fabrika | pattern cutting and toiling | | | | | | London pattern bureau | Design/product development, CAD sketches, Pattern cutting, Toiling, Fittings, Sampling, Design & manufacturing consultancy, Womenswear, Menswear, Outerwear, Tailoring, Separates, Sportswear, Childrenswear, Wovens & knits | | | | | | The sampling studio | ​​Pattern Cutting, Toiles, Sampling, Grading, CMT, Production, Design | | | | | | William Gee | Haberdashery | | 520-522 Kingsland Road, London E8 4AH | | | ## Glass & Ceramics | Vendor | Material | Website | Address | |----------------------|------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------| | Dixon Glass | Borosilicate Glassware | | | | London Glasswork Ltd | | | 545 Garratt Lane, London, SW18 4SR | | Ceramic studio co-op | Ceramic work | | 14, 17, Block C, Juno Way, New Cross, London, SE14 5RW | | Stephen Ramsey | glass blower | | Imperial College | ## Painting | Vendor | Material | Website | Address | Phone Number | Note | |-----------------------------|-----------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|---------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Stockwell Motor Accessories | cellulose paint | | 226-236 Clapham Road London SW9 0PZ | 0207 582 3666 | | | Colorite paint | | | 169 Boston Road, London, W7 3QJ | 0208 579 3381 | | | Armourtex Ltd. | -powder coating | | 16 Rowe La, London, E9 6EL | 020 8986 2028 | | | Purpose Powder Coating | powder coating | | Old Kent Road | | Pick up and drop off in person. Can drop your parts into existing production runs if small, and you're OK with standard colour (white or yellow) and charge the minimum cost. Say you're a student. | # Where to buy components The following list is of common suppliers, other than eBay... # Electronics ## UK ### Arduino boards, shields, etc... - [Proto-Pic](http://proto-pic.com)
*Offers 10% student discount* - [SKPang](https://skpang.co.uk) - [#DigitalMeans](http://digitalmeans.co.uk) - [Cool Components](http://coolcomponents.co.uk) - [HobbyTronics](http://www.hobbytronics.co.uk) - [Kitronik](https://www.kitronik.co.uk) - [Oomlout](https://oomlout.co.uk) - [Pimoroni](https://shop.pimoroni.com) - [Spiratronics](http://spiratronics.com) - [Bright Components](http://bright-components.co.uk/) ### Components - [Rapid](https://rapidonline.com)
Student pricing + free delivery over £30 - [CPC](http://cpc.farnell.com)
Free delivery over £8 + VAT - [Farnell](http://uk.farnell.com)
Free delivery over £20 - [RS](http://rswww.com)
Collect from Bow or free next day delivery - [Mouser](http://www.mouser.co.uk)
Free delivery over £33 - [Bitsbox](https://www.bitsbox.co.uk) ### Robotics + components - [Technobots](http://www.technobotsonline.com) - [Active Robots](http://www.active-robots.com) - [Robot Shop](https://www.robotshop.com/uk) - [MakerBeam](https://www.makerbeam.com) (European) ## International - [Adafruit](http://adafruit.com) (USA) - [Sparkfun](http://sparkfun.com) (USA) - [Seedstudio](https://seeedstudio.com) (China) - [DF Robot](http://dfrobot.com) (China) - [DealExtreme](http://dx.com) (China) - [Digikey](http://www.digikey.co.uk) (USA) - [Ali Express](https://www.aliexpress.com) (China) # Materials - [Hamar Acrylic](http://hamaracrylic.com/) - [Hindleys](https://www.hindleys.com) - [Mindsets](https://mindsetsonline.co.uk) # Craft materials - [Cass Art](https://www.cassart.co.uk/) - [London Graphic Centre](https://www.londongraphics.co.uk/) # Model shop - [EMA Model Supplies](ema-models.co.uk) - [4D Modelshop](https://modelshop.co.uk/) # Mechanical parts - [Davall](http://davall.co.uk) - [HPC](http://hpcgears.com) - [SDP/SI](http://sdp-si.com) - [McMaster-Carr](http://mcmaster.com) - [Belting Online](http://beltingonline.com) - [ondrives](http://ondrives.com) - [Bearing Station](http://bearingstation.co.uk) - [Direct Bearings](http://directbearings.co.uk) - [Technobots](http://technobotsonline.com) - [Transdev](http://transdev.co.uk) # Hackspaces & Services Here are a list of places around London that can help in production of your projects. Jump to: [Laser cutting](#lasercutting) [3D printing](#3dprinting) [PCB production](#pcb) [Graphic Design Services](#graphicdesign) # Hackspaces
NameFacilitiesWebsiteAddressPhone NumberNote
Open Workshop NetworkAll the makerspace of London[http://openworkshopnetwork.com/](http://openworkshopnetwork.com/)London
London HackspaceLaser cutting, 3D printing,Textiles, Metalworking, Woodworking, Electronics[https://london.hackspace.org.uk/](https://london.hackspace.org.uk/)388 High Road, Wembley, HA9 6AR
Machine RoomComputing, Digital Fabrication, Electronics, Fine Art, Furniture Design, Repair, Robotics, Textiles and Wood Work[https://machinesroom.co.uk/](https://machinesroom.co.uk/)54-55 Containerville, 35 Corbridge Crescent, London, E2 9EZMachines Room is an east London maker space open to the public and businesses to come and fabricate their ideas.
Institute Of MakingCeramics, Computing, Digital Fabrication, Electronics, Engineering, Fine Art, Glass Work, Metal Work, Printmaking, Repair, Robotics, Screen Printing, Textiles and Wood Work[https://www.instituteofmaking.org.uk/](https://www.instituteofmaking.org.uk/)Malet Place, University College London, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 7JE02076793248The Institute of Making is a cross-disciplinary research club for those interested in the made world.
MakerversityComputing, Digital Fabrication, Electronics, Engineering, Fine Art, Metal Work, Photography, Robotics and Wood Work[http://makerversity.org](http://makerversity.org)Somerset House, New Wing, Lancaster Place, WC2R 1LA020 3701 7499Making. Learning. Factory-on-Thames.
Ceramics Studio Co-opCeramics, Fine Art and Sculpture[https://www.ceramicsstudio.coop/](https://www.ceramicsstudio.coop/)Juno Way, London, SE14 5RW02086916421Ceramics Studio Co-op provides ceramics studio spaces and open-access to professional and amateur ceramics artists and designers.
The Kiln RoomsCeramics[https://www.thekilnrooms.com/](https://www.thekilnrooms.com/)Peckham
# Services Plynths: [https://www.greatart.co.uk/gerstaecker-display-plinths.html](https://www.greatart.co.uk/gerstaecker-display-plinths.html) ## Laser cutting Easy laser cutting case design: [https://en.makercase.com/#/basicbox](https://en.makercase.com/#/basicbox)
BusinessMaterialWebsiteAddressPhone NumberNote
Hamar Acrylic Fabrications LtdAcrylic, perspex etc.[http://www.hamaracrylic.com/](http://www.hamaracrylic.com/)16 Bidder St, London E16 4ST020 7739 2907Can cut to size on site
Denny PlasticsPlastic[http://www.dennyplastics.co.uk/](http://www.dennyplastics.co.uk/)Mitre Way, London, W10 6AU020 8964 9368Plastic fabricators (i.e. they can make stuff up for you). Good with cheaper prices from off cuts. Marginally more expensive than Hamar, but much faster and people are generally nicer
Good EmpireLaser cutter[http://www.goodempire.com/](http://www.goodempire.com/)Good Empire,1 Park Mews, Brockwell Park, London, SE24 9DBJoely - 07835 769 480Really nice people, fast and good work
BlueprintmodelshopLaser cutting services[http://www.blueprintmodel.co.uk/](http://www.blueprintmodel.co.uk/)Really cheap but not good quality (20% off on material for students0
Cut Plastic sheetingCutting services for plastic[http://www.cutplasticsheeting.co.uk/](http://www.cutplasticsheeting.co.uk/)Cut Plastic Sheeting, Unit 1, Ash Court, Pennant Way, Lee Mill Ind Estate, Ivybridge, Devon, PL21 9GE01752 897921
Neon and Sign MakersVinyl cutting[http://neonandsignmakers.com/](http://neonandsignmakers.com/)Unit 6, 278, Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA020 8981 3323
HobartAcrylic and laser cutting[https://hobarts.com/](https://hobarts.com/)
CutLaserCutAll kinds of laser cutting[http://www.cutlasercut.com/](http://www.cutlasercut.com/)Camberwell, LondonCan pick up in person.
## PCB production Aisler, OSHPark and JLC are notes and recommendations from CCI's [Jen Sykes](https://researchers.arts.ac.uk/2377-jennifer-sykes), who says: "Nowadays I tend to use JLC if its not super time sensitive and Aisler if it is. I may use OSH Park if I needed surface mount assembly of parts depending on my design and part manufacture location."
SupplierMaterialWebsiteNote
AislerPCB[https://aisler.net/](https://aisler.net/)Germany based and good at being contactable regarding design. Have upgraded their interface and also have many more options for production now so you can do different levels of manufacturing. Good for low number , small runs and quick turn arounds.
JLC PCBPCB[https://jlcpcb.com/](https://jlcpcb.com/)Very cheap, pretty fast turn around even for worldwide shipping. Roughly 2 weeks sometimes much faster (5 days) if its a simple design. Communication sometimes tricky.
PCBtrainPCB[http://www.pcbtrain.co.uk](http://www.pcbtrain.co.uk)Super fast turnaround, but a bit pricey
PCBcartPCB[http://www.pcbcart.com](http://www.pcbcart.com)
SEEEDPCB[http://www.seeedstudio.com](http://www.seeedstudio.com)Very slow, but crazy cheap and high quality PCB production and assembly.
OSHParkPCB[https://oshpark.com/](https://oshpark.com/)US based, now make flex PCBs. Good if you were needing a design assembled + populated with parts mainly manufactured in the US.
RagwormPCB[https://ragworm.eu/](https://ragworm.eu/)
## Flocking
BusinessMaterialWebsitePhone Number
Thomas&VinesFlocking Service, Flock Sellers[http://www.flocking.co.uk](http://www.flocking.co.uk)01923775111
## Metal fabrication
CategoryBusinessMaterialWebsiteAddressPhone Number
Csmetal fabrication[http://www.csmetalfabrication.co.uk/](http://www.csmetalfabrication.co.uk/)405 Mentmore Terrace, Hackney, London, E8 3PN020 8533 7005
AJ METAL FABRICATIONS LTD21 Walthamstow Business Centre, Clifford Rd, London, E17 4SX020 8527 4860
Benson-Sedgwick EngineeringMetal polishing and welding assembly etc (Barry)[http://www.benson-sedgwick.co.uk/](http://www.benson-sedgwick.co.uk/) or [http://www.highgradepolishers.co.uk](http://www.highgradepolishers.co.uk)Dagenham02085937314
Sand castingNovacast[https://www.novacast.co.uk/services/casting/sand-casting/](https://www.novacast.co.uk/services/casting/sand-casting/)44 (0)1225707466
water jet cuttingLondon waterjet[http://londonwaterjet.com/](http://londonwaterjet.com/)Unit 10, Network 4, Lincoln Road, Cressex Business Park, High Wycombe, Bucks, HP12 3RF
## 3D Printing
BusinessMaterialWebsiteAddressPhone NumberNote
I.makr[http://www.imakr.com/en/](http://www.imakr.com/en/)79 Clerkenwell Road, London, EC1R 5AR02074818184
Digits to widget3d printing and scanning services[http://www.digits2widgets.com/](http://www.digits2widgets.com/)D2W Studios, 61 – 63 Rochester Place, London, NW1 9JU020 3697 7969
Prototype project3D printing and general prototyping[http://www.prototypeprojects.com/](http://www.prototypeprojects.com/)
Chalk StudiosObjet printing[http://www.chalkstudios.co.uk/](http://www.chalkstudios.co.uk/)14 Windsor Street, London, N1 8QG020 7354 1206Objet printing, but local to London, you can do next day am collection
I.Materialise[http://i.materialise.com/](http://i.materialise.com/)Materialise HQ, Technologielaan 15, 3001 Leuven, BelgiumBig machines and good range of finishes
Ultimaker[https://ultimaker.com/](https://ultimaker.com/)
## Graphic Design Services
BusinessMaterialWebsiteAddressPhone NumberNote
Color Companyfast turn around printing services[http://www.color.co.uk/](http://www.color.co.uk/)27a Poland Street, London, W1F 8QW020 7287 4387There are a couples in London
OvernightPrintsPrints from business cards to banners[http://www.OvernightPrints.co.uk/businesscards](http://www.OvernightPrints.co.uk/businesscards)
Moobusiness cards and flyers[http://uk.moo.com/](http://uk.moo.com/)really good services, fast and medium cheap
GF SmithPaper and book making[https://www.gfsmith.com/](https://www.gfsmith.com/)G . F Smith, Six Bridges Trading Estate, Marlborough Grove, London SE1 5JT020 7394 4660
London graphicspaper and art material[http://www.londongraphics.co.uk/](http://www.londongraphics.co.uk/)16-18 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2H 9JL020 7759 4500
Paper shakeorigami services[http://www.papershake.com/](http://www.papershake.com/)
## Misc
CategoryBusinessMaterialWebsiteAddressPhone NumberNote
Protolabsgeneral machining[http://www.protolabs.co.uk/](http://www.protolabs.co.uk/)Proto Labs, Ltd. Halesfield 8, Telford, Shropshire, TF7 4QN01952 683048Injection moulding in small production runs, CNC. Useful for generating online quotes quickly.
CNCFirst CutFast turnaround
Ormiston WireSpecialist Wire Manufacturers & Suppliers
OMNIBermondseyDigitally print onto any material, other normal and large format printing services.
Rocket PrintWatfordCan digitally print on to most materials. Large format printing services (architectural scale)